预防癌症的方法

1. 了解家族健康史并进行推荐的癌症筛查

与您的医疗保健提供者分享您的家族健康史并讨论癌症筛查。一些测试可以帮助及早发现癌症，此时治疗更有可能成功，一些测试还可以在癌前病变发展为癌症之前发现它们。虽然筛查已被证明可以挽救生命，但筛查指南可能不是“一刀切”的。

2. Avoid or limit alcohol

Drinking alcohol is linked to several cancers, including breast, colorectal, esophageal, oral and liver cancers. To reduce your risk of cancer, it’s best to avoid alcohol completely. If you do choose to drink, limit your drinking to no more than one drink a day if you were assigned female at birth, and no more than two drinks a day if you were assigned male at birth. The more you drink, the greater your risk of cancer. Even small amounts of alcohol might increase your risk.

3. Don’t use tobacco

Tobacco use (including cigarettes, vapes/e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah, chewing tobacco and more) has been linked to many types of cancer, including lung, colorectal, breast, throat, cervical, bladder, mouth and esophageal cancers. It’s best to never start using tobacco, but if you do use tobacco products, it’s never too late to quit. According to the American Cancer Society, cigarette smoking rates reached a historic low of 9%-11% in the U.S. in 2025. However, smoking still accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. About 80%-90% of all lung cancers are related to cigarette smoking.

Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at risk for lung and other types of cancer, as well as other diseases. E-cigarettes and vaping products can also cause serious health risks and can lead to addiction or serve as a gateway to other tobacco products. The Prevent Cancer Foundation stands firm in discouraging the use of 全部 tobacco products.

4. Protect your skin from the sun

皮肤癌是美国最常见的癌症诊断，也是最可预防的癌症之一。大多数皮肤癌都是由太阳的紫外线辐射引起的。务必全年使用足够的防晒霜。切勿使用室内日光浴床。

5. Eat a plant-forward diet

Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, beans and whole grains. Limit red meat (such as beef, pork or lamb) and foods high in salt. Avoid processed meats (such as bacon, sausage, hot dogs or cold cuts) and drinks with added sugar.

The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables can help prevent DNA damage, and the phytochemicals and fiber have properties that can stop or slow the growth of cancer cells.

6. 保持健康体重并保持活跃

Obesity is linked to many cancers, including those of the endometrium, liver, kidney, pancreas, colon and breast (especially in post-menopausal women). Excess body fat promotes tumor growth throug hchronic, low-level inflammation, higher estrogen levels, and increased insulin resistance. Getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity at least five days a week can make a big difference in your general health and well-being and can help in maintaining a healthy weight. Make it a priority to move more and sit less. If you spend most of your time at work sitting at a desk, for example, find a way to get up and move around every hour. Physical activity is linked to a lower risk of colorectal, breast and endometrial cancers, and there is some evidence that also links it to reducing the risk of other cancers. Add exercise to your routine to reduce stress, increase energy, boost your immune system, maintain a healthy weight and reduce your risk of cancer.

7. Practice safer sex, such as limiting your number of partners and using protection/barrier (such as a condom) every time

某些类型的人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 可导致宫颈癌、口咽癌（咽喉后部癌症，包括舌根和扁桃体）和至少四种其他类型的癌症。由于 HPV 可通过阴道性交、肛门性交或口交传播，因此每次性交时正确使用避孕套有助于保护您，但这并不是 100% 保护。乙肝和丙肝病毒可通过性行为或血液在人与人之间传播（例如，共用注射毒品用的针头和注射器）。乙肝和丙肝病毒可导致长期肝脏感染，从而增加患肝癌的几率。避免危险行为并进行安全性行为以降低患乙肝或丙肝和肝癌的风险。

8.接种HPV和乙肝疫苗

接种疫苗可以保护您免受某些与癌症有关的病毒的侵害。其中一种病毒是 HPV。所有儿童都应在 9-12 岁之间接种 HPV 疫苗，而未接种疫苗的青少年和年轻人（13-26 岁）可以进行“补种”疫苗接种。在美国，大多数肝癌与乙型肝炎或丙型肝炎有关。乙型肝炎疫苗现已上市，建议所有 59 岁以下的儿童和成人以及 60 岁及以上感染乙型肝炎风险较高的成人接种。乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎均可进行检测和治疗。