所有年龄段：口腔癌检查
Your dentist may be able to detect some oral precancers and cancers early. Visit your dentist every six months for an oral cancer exam (along with your routine cleaning).
口腔癌
它是什么？
口腔癌是口腔内的癌症。吸烟和饮酒是口腔癌的最大危险因素之一。
口咽癌是指喉咙后部（包括舌根和扁桃体）的癌症。人类乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 是导致大多数口咽癌的病因。 点击此处了解有关 HPV 和口咽癌的更多信息。
接受检查
您可能已经在不知不觉中接受口腔癌检查了。
If you are at average risk, follow these guidelines:*
*Source: American Dental Association (ADA)
保险范围
Health insurance plans vary widely in whether they cover dental care. If you are on an employer-sponsored health care plan, they may offer separate dental coverage for you and/or your dependents. Check with your insurance company or your employer to see what’s covered for you.
Medicare does not cover routine dental visits.
Under federal law, Medicaid covers routine dental work for children and teenagers under age 21. Coverage for adults may vary by state—check with your insurance plan to see what’s covered for you.
了解您的风险
如果您符合以下情况，则罹患口腔癌的风险较高：
- 咀嚼或吸烟。
- 过量饮酒。
- 长时间暴露在阳光下。
- 免疫系统因某些药物而变得虚弱。
- 患有某种类型的 HPV（增加患口咽癌的风险）。
降低风险
您可以通过以下与生活方式相关的改变来降低罹患口腔癌的风险：
Avoid all forms of tobacco.
If you do use tobacco, quit. Quitting will have an immediate positive impact on your cancer risk.
避免或限制饮酒。
为了降低患癌症的风险，最好完全戒酒。如果你选择喝酒，如果你出生时被指定为女性，则每天饮酒量不得超过一杯；如果你出生时被指定为男性，则每天饮酒量不得超过两杯。
接种 HPV 疫苗。
所有 9-12 岁的青少年都应接种 HPV 疫苗。如果青少年和 26 岁以下的年轻人在年轻时没有完全接种疫苗，也建议他们接种疫苗。
多吃水果和蔬菜。
The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables can help prevent DNA damage, and the phytochemicals and fiber have properties that can stop or slow the growth of cancer cells.
避免晒太阳，尤其是上午 10 点到下午 4 点之间，此时阳光最强烈。
Always use lip balm with SPF 30 or higher with UVA and UVB protection (broad spectrum).
如果您在阳光下，即使是阴天，也要每两小时补涂一次。一年四季都要保护您的皮肤免受过度日晒，而不仅仅是在夏天。
每六个月去看一次牙医并进行口腔癌检查。
体征和症状
如果您发现任何以下症状，请立即采取行动并与您的牙医或医疗保健提供者交谈：
- 嘴唇、牙龈、舌头或口腔内壁出现白色或红色斑块
- 口腔内或颈部有肿块
- 咀嚼、吞咽或说话疼痛或困难
- 声音嘶哑持续很长时间
- 口腔任何部位的麻木或疼痛持续存在
- 下颌肿胀
- 牙齿松动
- 假牙与口腔贴合度的变化
- 口腔出血
- 嘴唇或口腔内出现持续性溃疡
- 耳痛持续
治疗方案
治疗取决于癌症的类型和阶段以及您的病情。
外科手术
手术是切除癌症和周围组织的常见治疗方法。
化疗
这是一种使用药物杀死癌细胞的治疗方法。它可以单独使用，也可以在手术前或手术后与其他疗法结合使用。
放射治疗
这种治疗方法使用高剂量的辐射杀死癌细胞并缩小肿瘤。它可以单独使用，也可以在手术前或手术后与其他疗法结合使用。
免疫疗法
This type of cancer treatment helps your immune system better respond to the cancer to detect and destroy abnormal cells. It may be used by itself or in combination with chemotherapy for oral cancer that is metastatic (has spread) or recurrent (has come back).
靶向治疗
Patients with certain tumor characteristics or genetic mutations may be eligible for targeted therapy. Targeted therapy can be a drug or antibody that targets the proteins or genetic mutations that affect how cancer cells grow, divide and spread. It may be used alone or in combination before or after surgery.
Ask the dentist: Your oral cancer questions, answered
Dr. Zoe Stenholm, a dentist at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, answers your top oral cancer-related questions.
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