大腸がん

それは何ですか?

Colorectal cancer is cancer that begins in the colon or rectum (everyone has a colon and rectum unless they have been surgically removed). This cancer can be prevented with a screening colonoscopy by removing polyps (grape-like growths on the wall of the large intestine, which includes both the colon and rectum) before they become cancerous. With routine screening, you can also detect the disease early when the cancer is small and hasn’t spread.

Four adults in their 50s dressed in red baseball jerseys and caps. There is a Black man and woman and a whiteman and woman who are all linking arms and smiling. They appear to be on a team.

検査を受ける

For those of average risk, colorectal cancer screening should begin at age 45.*

*Source: American Cancer Society

45~75歳:検査を受ける

Start getting screened at age 45 if you’re at average risk for colorectal cancer, and continue getting screened through age 75 if you are in good health with a life expectancy of 10 years or more.

76~85 歳の方は、検査を継続するかどうかについて医療提供者に相談してください。85 歳を超える場合は、検査を受ける必要はありません。

Visual tests

  • A health care provider visually examines your colon using a procedural medical tool
  • Done every 5-10 years, depending on the type of test
  • Requires bowel prep, which cleans out the colon and enables a health care provider to visualize the lining
  • May or may not require sedation, depending on the type of test
  • Opportunity for prevention (colonoscopy) or early detection (all visual testing methods)
  • Any abnormal results from a visual test that is not a colonoscopy (i.e. a virtual colonoscopy or a flexible sigmoidoscopy) need to be followed up with a timely colonoscopy

Stool-based tests

  • Non-invasive, at-home method of testing
  • Done every 1-3 years, depending on the brand or type of test
  • Requires a stool sample to be mailed to a lab
  • Stool sample is checked for hidden blood and/or genetic information shed by cancerous or precancerous cells
  • Any abnormal results from stool-based tests need to be followed up with a timely colonoscopy

Blood-based tests

  • Newest screening method
  • Only recommended for those who have declined or have not completed a structural (visual) or stool-based screening test
  • Done every 3 years
  • Requires having your blood drawn at a doctor’s office or lab
  • Blood sample is checked for DNA that could signal cancer
  • Any abnormal result from a blood test needs to be followed up with a timely colonoscopy

Increased risk

Based on your personal risk, some screening options may not be recommended for you. You may also need to start regular screening at an earlier age and/or be screened more often.

遺伝子検査 may be an option for those who want more information about their cancer risk based on their family health history.

スクリーニング範囲

The Affordable Care Act mandates that private insurers and Medicare cover certain colorectal cancer screenings. Insurance companies can also choose to cover other types of screening that are not required by law. Check with your insurance provider to find out if which screenings are covered under your insurance plan.

Recommended screening options

There are many options for colorectal cancer screening for those of average risk. Talk to your health care provider to choose which test is right for you.

More on the options

リスクを知る

以下の場合には大腸がんのリスクが高くなります。

  • 50歳以上である。
  • 黒人です。
  • 煙。
  • 太りすぎまたは肥満である。
  • 2型糖尿病です。
  • 身体的に活動的ではない。
  • アルコールを過剰に摂取する。
  • 赤身の肉(牛肉、豚肉、羊肉など)や加工肉(ベーコン、ソーセージ、ホットドッグ、ハムなど)をたくさん食べましょう。
  • Have a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps.
  • Have a personal or family history of inflammatory bowel disease (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease).
  • Have a personal or family history of a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, such as Lynch syndrome or Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP).

リスクを軽減

次のような生活習慣の改善により、大腸がんのリスクを軽減できる可能性があります。

少なくとも週5日、少なくとも30分間運動してください。

Icon illustration of a wine bottle and a wine glass with a large X over it indicating not to drink alcohol.

アルコールを避けるか制限してください。

がんのリスクを減らすには、アルコールを完全に避けるのが最善です。飲酒する場合は、出生時に女性と診断された場合は 1 日 1 杯以内に、出生時に男性と診断された場合は 1 日 2 杯以内に制限してください。

Icon illustration of a cigarette with smoke coming from its tip and a large X over it indicating no smoking.

Avoid all forms of tobacco.

Icon illustration of a steak with a large X over it indicating not to eat red meat.

赤身の肉を減らし、加工肉を控えましょう。

Icon illustration of a body scale.

健康的な体重を維持してください。

An icon illustration of an apple and a carrot.

果物、野菜、豆、全粒穀物をたくさん食べましょう。

Icon illustration of a magnifying glass.

ガイドラインと個人のリスク要因に基づいて大腸がんの検査を受けましょう。

兆候と症状

以下の症状のいずれかが現れた場合は、直ちに医療提供者に相談してください。

  • 直腸からの出血、または便内または便表面への血液の混入
  • Unexplained iron-deficiency anemia
  • 数日以上続く排便の変化
  • 便が通常より細い
  • General abdominal problems such as bloating, fullness or a feeling that you need to have a bowel movement that’s not relieved by having one
  • Persistent abdominal cramps
  • Unexplained vomiting, diarrhea or constipation
  • 明らかな理由なく体重が減少する
  • Unexplained fatigue

治療の選択肢

治療法は、がんの進行度、腫瘍細胞の種類、および病状によって異なります。

手術

大腸がんの最も一般的な治療法は手術です。手術には、部分的結腸切除術(結腸の一部を切除する、結腸切除とも呼ばれる)から大腸切除術(大腸と直腸を切除する)まであります。

化学療法

化学療法では、薬剤を使用して癌細胞を殺します。癌が転移している場合は、手術の前または後に化学療法が行われることがあります。

放射線

この治療では、高線量の放射線を使用して癌細胞を殺し、腫瘍を縮小します。癌が転移している場合は、手術の前または後に放射線が使用されることがあります。

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